home-made low-cost wiring probe

to make the wiring probe described a propelling pencil, a cotton reel and a strip of aluminium are required. alternatively a ball-pen and hypodermic needle may be employed. the ball-pen or the hypodermic needle protrudes about 5 mm from the normal writing end at the centre of the strip of aluminium the top end of the pencil or ball-pen is..

study of the realisation of a tunable single mode high power laser. applications in high resolution spectroscopy

operation of a tunable, single mode, dye laser delivering high peak power light pulses is described in detail. the operating principle of such a system is that of an injection locking laser associated with light amplifiers. an example of utilization is given with the study of the light shaft of a rubidium rydberg level induced by an inten..

atomic spectroscopy with optogalvanic detection

deals with the application of the optogalvanic effect (the impedance change in a feebly electrically excited gas or metal vapour due to the absorption of an irradiating light) in atomic spectroscopy. this impedance change is easily recorded and provides a simple non-optical detector to measure the modification of the atomic level populati..

three-step laser spectroscopy and multichannel quantum defect analysis of odd-parity rydberg states of neutral ytterbium

high-lying odd-parity levels of neutral ytterbium are investigated by the method of selective three-step laser spectroscopy. excitation from the ground state 4f/sup 14/6s/sup 2/ is performed by means of three dye lasers and the rydberg levels are detected by using the field ionisation method. three different levels are used as starting le..

optical resonance detection by field ionization of rydberg state in colinear laser spectroscopy

new efficient non-optical detection methods of optical resonances in colinear laser spectroscopy are described. a first method uses the field ionization of a rydberg state populated by means of two lasers' one is single frequency and interacts colinearly with the fast atomic beam, the other one is multimode and interacts perpendicularly. ..

distance dependence of surface-enhanced resonance raman enhancement in langmuir-blodgett dye multilayers

monolayers of a surface-active dye incorporated into inert matrix material were transferred onto structurally defined silver island films by the langmuir-blodgett technique. the dye-containing monolayers were spaced from the surface by accurately known increments by deposition of inert spacer monolayers surface-enhanced resonance raman sp..

multipurpose papers fill most office needs today

with continuing improvements in the past decade, versatile and popular sulfite bonds can now be used not only in regular office copiers and small offset presses but also in high speed copier-duplicators: laser printers, cut-paper fax machines: and, of course, in all daisywheel and dot matrix (impact) devices. ordering, handling, stocking ..

above-threshold two-photon detachment from h/sup -/' a way to measure /sup 1/s and /sup 1/d resonances{

the author shows that the resonances of even character, below the n=2 threshold, can be measured (position and width) in a two-photon absorption experiment, provided that h/sup -/ is irradiated with a short strong light pulse as available, for example, from excimer lasers or frequency-doubled dye lasers

surface-enhanced resonance raman study of avidin-dye interactions' a model for chromophore-containing proteins

resonance raman (rr) and surface-enhanced resonance raman (serr) spectroscopy were used to study the behavior of 2-(4'-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (haba) at different ph values (2.7-11.8) in solution and bound to avidin. major changes in the rr spectrum of the dye are observed near ph 8.0 and 3.0. these ph values are close to the pk/sub..

cost-effective design and manufacture of emc and controlled-impedance pcbs

multilayer pcbs have been a very successful component of the electronics industry, particularly where environmental electromagnetic compatibility, (emc), signal speed or impedance-related requirements dictate. this article introduces a method of reducing layers in most pcb types (defined by function as digital, analog or variants), whethe..