FIXING DYES AND WASHING CLOTH

Dyed or printed fabrics are subjected to two finishing processes to assure adequate colorfastness: fixation of the color by some form of heat treatment in the presence of appropriate chemicals, and thorough washing to remove excess dyes and chemicals from the fabric. Three types of heat fixation processes are discussed: dry heat fixation,..

STABILITY AND REVERSIBILITY OF THE DYE-CELLULOSE BOND FOR VINYLSULFONYL REACTIVE DYEINGS.

The alkaline hydrolysis of 11 vinylsulfonyl (VS) reactive dyes (F-type) fixed on cellulose was examined at 50 degrees Centigrade and pH 10.9. The reversibility of the dye-fiber bond was verified by the cylindrical-film-roll method using dyed and undyed cellophane. The F-types decomposed to yield the VS types, which were further hydrolyzed..

DYING JIGGERS

A salute to the undyeing dyeing jigger is presented. Its evolution is followed from old-style tub/liquor manual units to modern, fully automated types; engineering details of modern jigger dyeing machines (gear boxes, balance frames, motors, brake assemblies, and squeeze rollers) are diagrammed. Optimum operational strategies for fully au..

ULTRASONIC DYEING AVAILABLE IN FIVE TO TEN YEARS.

Ultrasonic dyeing is five to ten years away for from commercial availability, according to Timothy G. Clapp, assistant professor at the College of Textiles, North Carolina State University. The overall benefits of ultrasonic dyeing include shorter processing times, increased productivity, reduction of temperature, energy savings, enhanced..

LIQUID DYE METERING SYSTEM

ICS-Texicon's Formula 1 D.F.S.liquid dye metering system was developed for metering small lots of dye. The system can be expanded by modules with 6/6/6/6 valves to a maximum of 24 metering points arranged in a cluster. The high precision valves operate at low, medium, and high flow rates in a viscosity range of 3 to 12,000 cps with both w..

ATMOSPHERIC OVERFLOW PIECE DYEING MACHINE.

Fong's GN9-100 atmospheric overflow piece dyeing machine processes knit fabrics made from natural fibers and their blends. The machine has between one and six tubes with a capacity up to 250 kilograms, depending on the weight of the fabric. A novel plaiting device fitted behind the nozzle contributes to this high capacity. Fabric runs smo..

FINISHING OF ELASTIC WARP-KNIT QUALITIES

The finsihing of elastic warp knit fabrics depends on the type of warp knit machine (tricot, raschel) on which they were produced. Storage prior to finishing can lead to many problems, such as creasing, moire effects, yellowing, and staining. If storage is necessary, the fabric is pre-washed, stored horizontally on tubes, and packaged che..

BLEACHING, DYEING, PRINTING, AND FINISHING MACHINERY

The bleaching, dyeing, printing, and finishing machinery at ITMA 1991 featured many design refinements, with highlights in the areas of process monitoring and control, automation, robotics, and environmental pollution control. An overview of the wet processing sector at ITMA 1991 examines chemical pretreatment, open width washing, merceri..

APPLICATIONS OF DISPERSE DYES ON POLYESTER -- PROBLEMS AND REMEDIES.

Problems associated with dyeing and printing polyester using disperse dyes are summarized; solutions to these problems are reviewed. Processing polyester fiber in loose stock, in yarn package, drawn textured yarns, piece goods, and texturized fabrics is examined. Optimal conditions for Pad-Thermosol fixation, discharge/resist printing, an..

ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF TEXTILE PROCESSING. PART 3. REMOVAL OF HYDROLYZED DYE FROM WASTEWATER

Dyes in wastewater can be decolorized and hydrolyzed by precipitation and coagulation with cationic agents followed by filtration. These agents include amide-amine and amide-formaldehyde condensates and a methylene crosslinked condensate of a cynamide derivative. This method was used for reactive dyes that varied in substantivity. Optimum..