Researchers at the China Textile University in Shanghai processed chemically treated pineapple leaf fibers on both worsted and cotton spinning machines. Pineapple fiber properties are similar to those of jute and flax, but pineapple features a higher level of noncellulose material, so that it is coarser and has lower elongation. The strong white fiber is extracted from the leaves via retting or decortication. Chemical degumming improves spinnability. Lignin content is higher than that of flax but lower than that of jute. Researchers prepared treated fibers for spinning by softening them in a machine with 14 pairs of reciprocal rollers, and via opening on a roller card. Two sets of gilling and combing and three sets of gilling and roving followed carding for worsted ring spinning. Cut pineapple fibers were blended with cotton and other short staple fibers prior to spinning on cotton systems. Pineapple/cotton blends of 40/60 yielded yarn with a tenacity of 8.3 centinewtons per tex.