This presentations' aim is to "open the window' to Russian scientific and technical achievements, which include fibers and fibrous materials of high thermal properties, fire resistant, chemical resistant, surface active, special physical properties and some others. In this paper, new ways of production, properties, main assortment, application areas and their effectiveness are shown. These materials are very important for industry, medicine and other application areas. Therefore their technical, economic and social effectiveness, depend on the results achieved in their areas of application. The best economics of special fibers and textiles production and cost minimization are developed by different ways: ㆍ low-cost raw materials selection. For example, ordinary PAN fibers (tow or non-woven) for chemical modification to ion-exchange materials - Vion creation; ㆍ grouping of same fiber production based on the similar monomers (by co-monomers' addition) and fiber technology and equipment. Especially interesting is the production of different kinds of aromatic fibers that are based on approximately the same technology and equipment, but with modified polymers. These fiber groups are, for example, polyaramids Togilen, Tverlana and Fenilon; ㆍ simplest technology application, for example, fluorine-containing fibers Ftorin production by melt-spinning; ㆍ combination of principles mentioned above, for example, the family of low-cost carbon fibers production based on common hydrate-cellulose or PAN fibers precursors and partly similar technology and equipment.